How slaves were affected Essay

When the African Americans were introduced to slavery, they didn’t accept what was happening to them and how they were being treated, but as time passed working for their masters, not only physical, but mental abuse took its toll and soon they began to believe the way they were living was normal and alright. Punishment played a giant role in slave life. It showed the consequences of not doing what was asked or disobeying their master thus instilling fear in every single slave the owner possessed. Charity Anderson recalls, â€Å"But honey chile, all white folks warn ‘t good to dere slaves, cause I’se seen poe niggas almos’ to’e up by dogs, and whipped unmercifully, when dey did’nt do lack de white folks say.† Mary Reynolds remembers, â€Å"I seed them put the men and women in the stock with they hands screwed down through holes in the board and they feets tied together and they naked behinds to the world. Solomon the [sic] overseer beat them with a big whip and massa look on. The niggers better not stop in the fields when they hear them yellin’. They cut the flesh most to the bones and some they was when they taken them out of stock and put them on the beds, they never got up again.† These two accounts show just what these poor slaves had to deal with. They were constantly watched, and felt that if they just as much as gave a superior a wrong look, they would be beaten, or even worse, killed. Of course slaves saw this as inhuman but had no choice to obey as their masters said. There is much evidence that shows how quick they learned to do as they were told and after a period of time, many slaves accepted the idea of being just that†¦a slave. This transformation started with the servants becoming fearful. Surviving was a game of smarts, hard work, and willpower. In order to live, slaves would allow their masters to beat and punish them without questioning so as not to risk a painful and senseless death. Snitching on other slaves who planned to escape was a good way to show their masters how loyal they were. Many slaves went as far as calling their masters â€Å"nice† and sometimes even boasting about their masters to other servants on different plantations. These small acts helped many stay alive but living oppressed lives affecting their minds and emotions forced themselves to cope with their sadness. Singing was common among slaves to express themselves and their hardships. Frederick Douglass recollects, â€Å"They told a tale of woe which was then altogether beyond my feeble comprehension; they were tones loud, long, and deep; they breathed the prayer and complaint of souls boiling over with the bitterest anguish.† The servants shared their feelings with each other through these hymns and so it made them strong enough to have the willpower to keep living by obeying and doing as they were told. Dogs lived a better life than many slaves, â€Å"We had very bad eatin’. Bread, meat, water. And they fed it to us in a trough, jes’ like the hogs. And ah went in may [sic] shirt till I was 16, nevah had no clothes. And the flo’ in ouah cabin was dirt, and at night we’d jes’ take a blanket and lay down on the flo’. The dog was supe’ior to us; they would take him in the house.† -Richard Toler. The serfs accepted that they lived worse than dogs and at this point, it becomes evident that slaves began accepting the life of slavery. They knew escaping was a bad idea because they would have no shelter, food, or clothes. If they were caught, they would be in the worst kind of trouble so they were forced to keep living the oppressed life. Being beaten and abused had them physically and mentally feeling that they were a lower race. Being intimidated all of the time had a harmful affect and they started to see slavery as acceptable. Their owners didn’t allow them to read or write so living with a roof over their head made them feel privileged. Mr. William McNeill says, â€Å"The escaped slaves were always trailed down by hounds; they never got away, there were always some good slaves to tell on others. I was glad when the slaves gained their freedom, even though we had a large number and lost plenty of money. They made many people rich and got nothing but punishment as a reward. They tell that some of the masters were good but I never did see a good one.† This man is one that didn’t buy into slavery and kept his mind from being brainwashed like many other slaves. He knew deep down that slavery was wrong and kept the truth in his reality. Even after the slaves were â€Å"freed,† life for them wasn’t as great as they hoped it would be and they soon realized that being freed was near as bad as being slaves. Being freed toyed with their minds; just like they became slaves and felt out of place in the beginning, they were put into another  tough position to have to readjust once again. â€Å"An’ after, soon after when we found out that we was free, why then we was, uh, bound out to different people. An’all such people as that. An’ we would run away, an’ wouldn’ stay with them. Why then we’d jus’ go an’ stay anywhere we could. Lay out a night in underwear. We had no home, you know. We was jus’ turned out like a lot of cattle. You know how they turn cattle out in a pasture? Well after freedom, you know, colored people didn’ have nothing. Colored people didn’have no beds when they was slaves. We always slep’ on the floor, pallet here, and a pallet there. Jus’ like, uh, lot of, uh, wild people, we didn’, we didn’ know nothing. Didn’ allow you to look at no book. An’ there was some free-born colored people, why they had a little education, but there was very few of them, where we was. An’ they all had uh, what you call, I might call it now, uh, jail centers, was jus’ the same as we was in jail.† -Fountain Hughes. This man described how, after being freed, he and his family lived the life that nomads lived. They traveled around aimlessly, trying to find any place they could possibly stay. He described themselves like cattle which was an understatement because cattle could at least count on being fed. They could eat the grass of the land but the newly freed slaves would be lucky if they could find a piece of fruit. The freed slaves had no money, no beds like Fountain said, no education, basically they had nothing to call their own. Living free was as if they were living in jail Hughes thought, and many others agreed. â€Å"An’ my father was dead, an’ my mother was living, but she had three, four other little children, an’ she had to put them all to work for to help take care of the others. So we had what you call, worse than dogs has got it now. Dogs has got it now better than we had it when we come along.† -Richard Toler. Families were torn apart when all members had to work in order for the family to be able to buy the essential necessities they needed to live. Toler said dogs have better lives now than the lives of black families after being freed which shows just how much of a mess the south was in. Many white people did not accept this idea of freeing the slaves so this had many colored people feeling insecure and out of place. Some white people would go out of their way to try and hurt the colored people like the KKK did.  Frederick Douglass talks about the idea of trust in â€Å"Getting Help from Others† He said he met an Irishman who felt it was a pity for Douglass to be a slave. He then told Douglass to run away to the north where he would find friends there to help him. â€Å"I pretended not to be interested in what they said and treated them as if I did not understand them; for I feared they might be treacherous. White men have been known to encourage slaves to escape, and then, to get the reward, catch them and return them to their masters.† Douglass had this distrust when he was a slave but these feelings were carried on even after people like Douglass were freed. They felt they could not trust anyone but their own people. This idea is seen in the Tar Baby story as well. The main purpose of this tale was to show black people that they shouldn’t go out of their way to talk to others. It was better to keep their mouths shut and thoughts to themselves because opening up to white folks could only get them into trouble. Since the colored people did not fit in, they kept to themselves which didn’t seem like true freedom. Douglass also said in â€Å"Thoughts of Escape† that he and the slaves â€Å"rather bear those ills we had, than fly to others, that we knew not of.† Once he and every other slave was freed, this is essentially what happened. They had to move and re-adapt to new ‘ills’ and complications which challenged them as slavery had challenged them once before. The whole time being slaves, black people finally started believing that slavery was what they were meant to do and it was alright for them to be treated at a lower level. Setting them free in an unaccepting world with no help or direction forced them once again, to cope with new problems and start a new theory about what it was they were really supposed to be doing or could be doing if it wasn’t working and slaving for the white man.

Goals: Lawyer and Middle School Teachers Essay

What makes goals so important to people’s lives? Beginning elementary I remember teachers always asked me â€Å"what do you want to be when you grow up? † I said â€Å"I do not know. † At a very young age when you just begin school kids being three and four kids say a fairy, prince or something. Growing older getting into middle school teachers asked me again â€Å"what is it that you want to be when you grow up? † my answer kind of changed the second time around, I said â€Å"a doctor† but that was because I thought they were cool and made a lot of money; copying everyone’s idea actually. High school finally came around it was more serious, my teacher once again asked me â€Å"what are you wanting to major in? † I said â€Å"oh, I’m debating right now. † He then said â€Å"debating? Are you serious right now? What is it that you enjoy? Any hobbies, favorite subject? † I thought about it and realized were he was going with that. It came to me; I want to be a lawyer, I love history, government, arguments, anything that has to do with law; being a lawyer. Mr. Wright said â€Å"now that you know what you want to be, what goals do you have to get there? † Then thats were I started to think about my steps to accomplish were I want to be in the future; my goals. My long term life goals are to get the highest degree in college, become a lawyer, and further myself to become a judge. My first goal is to finish college with a jurist doctor degree. I am currently attending Eastfield College in Mesquite, Texas to gain my associate degree. I will then transfer to Southern Methodist University (SMU). My major is family law which I will do seven more years of school after my associate’s degree to obtain the jurist doctor degree. The next goal I have is to get into law school by passing the LSAT as well as completing my legal education. Law school is a total of two years or more after achieving the bachelor’s degree. I plan on then studying to pass the bar exam to further myself to become a judge. My last goal is before I strive to be a judge I must get elected to the court by the people. I then will complete the judgeship training. After all those steps are complete, I will then be able to have my own name plaque as Judge De La Torre. I’ve calculated the total years I would be in school is eight years, by the time I finish all these goals I’ll possibly be in my mid-forties. My mother always said â€Å"days will pass, if you do not do nothing now by the time your old you will have nothing done and you will wish you could go back in time, but it will be to late; so do it now so when you become old you will be someone in life, Its mind over matter. † I always think about that; like your in school why not learn, your there anyway might as well do something. Life is difficult and hard but I know to get were you want the person must not care and do any obstacles that come across someone. As for myself I don’t care how long it takes or how hard. I will do what it takes. I plan to accomplish every element I can to achieve a jurist doctor degree, pass the LSAT and the bar exam, get elected into the court. People who state what they want as a goal should know although it is not easy the risk is worth it.

Meeting of minds Essay

In what ways does this scene represent 2 characters crossing boundaries and understanding each other – a meeting of minds?  The scene automatically has a sense of irony, as both Yolland and Maire both cannot understand a word each other is saying, this means communication was needed to be made in an alternate way, these ways are through the use of identifiable feelings and emotions, as well as paralanguage to indicate the feelings and emotions that the character is trying to express. Throughout their conversation, it would seem unlikely to a person who has just picked up the book that Yolland and Maire do not speak the same language, and therefore cannot fathom what each other is trying to say. This is due to the similarities of speech between the two of them; they always seem to have a vague understanding about what the other person is trying to say. An indication of this is where Maire says, † The grass must be wet. My feet are soaking.† straight after Yolland points out, † The grass must be wet your feet are soaking.† It is clear to see the similarities in their speech, although the context is just flipped around, but apart from that it is almost identical. Emphasising this collision, linguistically speaking, is the stage directions, expressing the characters body movement. The way they seem very immature when they realise they are holding hands, then immediately disengage and move apart. Another way that they can be seen as immature is through the basic communication, such as pointing. Knowing that the other person cannot understand what they are saying might be a factor in the characters lexis, especially regarding Yolland where he says â€Å"I’ve been watching you night and day for the past†¦Ã¢â‚¬  because if Yolland was to say this to Maire and she understood it, she could take it two very different ways, and decide that in fact Yolland is a bit weird. Without the aid of a similar language the characters find another way to communicate, which involves Maire saying English words, which she knows, and Yolland encouraging her, â€Å"Yes-yes? Go on- go on- say anything at all- I love the sound of your speech.† This shows although they cannot understand each other Yolland is fixated by Maire, and there is this chemistry, a bond between them, which they both know, are there but just can’t explain it to each other. The communication between the two of them become so intense that Yolland starts reeling of whole sentences, without realising that Maire does not have a clue what he is on about, she just stares at him unknowingly and wondering. It becomes clear that they need some common ground to try to relate with each other this occurs, when Yolland starts saying Irish place names, Maire reciprocates and this carries on as though they are flirting, which leads them back to the way they were, when they ran together, as once again they were holding hands, at this point they exchange their raw feelings without the satisfaction of being understood, they hold each other and tremble in one another’s arms, the lexis leading up to the kiss is very heated, there is a mutual understanding of the word ‘always’ I believe this to be significant as this is one of the final words before they kiss it just shows the compassion they hold for each other. Unquestionably above everything the connection is a meeting of minds as the only way of really communicating was through paralanguage, and the fact that they are very similar people, with similar thoughts and feelings, about the way they act, the way they speak, and the way they feel for each other. In a way their relationship could be seen as an example to be followed, as if individual Irish and English people can get along and fall in love, what’s to say England and Ireland should not at least be able to tolerate each other. Yolland and Maire, by not understanding verbally, will have an extremely deep understanding of each other mind, in turn this may lead to a significantly compassionate relationship, or just a passing phase, however I believe there is a meeting of minds, and the kiss only emphasises the coming together of these two foreign bodies into one.

The concept of Gods redemptive plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

The concept of Gods redemptive plan - Essay Example The Exodus narrative refers to the journey undertaken by Israelites from Egypt to their motherland. Similarly, the gospel narratives refer to the Christian teachings wherein Jesus’ elects twelve men, known as the apostles, to reach the nations and act as agents for providing salvation to others. The Pauline narrative herewith refers to Paul’s teachings in the Bible and helps to develop an understanding of Paul’s own redemptive, and the manner in which Jesus selects and calls him for his fissional agenda. Again, God elected Israel in order to ensure that Israel acts as the agent of redemptive for missio Dei to all other nations. The story of Israel, as outlined in the Bible, from Abraham’s redemptive to the Exodus event, and later in the New Testament, is written in such a manner that requires one to remember the past about the journey of appointment that Israel had made. Moreover, the same acted as a reminder regarding the manner in which God, in his grace , rescued and re-established Israel, such that all nations would ultimately enjoy the same redemptive grace. The Exodus narrative depicts the journey of Israelites from Egypt to Canaan. It unravels the painful story of the Israelites, who were then attributed as slaves. The Exodus narrative comprises of two main genres, namely, laws, along with the narrative history. Its main personalities encompassed Moses, Aaron, Joshua, and Miriam. These personalities acted as leaders for the Israelites in their path of relocating from Egypt to Canaan.

Competency to Stand Trial Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Competency to Stand Trial - Research Paper Example With the rise of felony arrest rates reported everywhere, the rate at which competency tests are sort for has increased as well. This scholarly paper will present an overview of competency laws and look at the need to have experts carrying out competency tests for the judicial systems. In the English common law, it was allowed lawfully for the arraignment, judgment, or execution of a person (capital offender) to be delayed (stayed) if the offender was or became completely insane (Hale, 1736, cited in Silten & Tulis, 1977, p. 1053). The law that is applied in the U.S was established during the case of Dusky v. United States in 1960. In the case of Dusky vs. the United States (1960), the Supreme Court ruled that it is not enough for the district judge to find that the defendant is oriented to time and place and has some recollection of events, but that the test must be whether he has sufficient present ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational understanding -- and whether he has a rational as well as factual understanding of the proceedings against him.†(Steadman & Hartstone, 1983 p.402). The problem that is found in assessing and defining competency has led to a great number of interpretations of the Dusky case. Because the courts and legislatures have placed, the weight of doing this on mental health professional it is not a surprise that mental status issues have been played a major role in court proceedings. Research has shown that the presence of psychosis is not enough by itself to determine competency (Roesch & Golding, 1980). The background on competence has been extensively researched with some researchers and scholars arguing that competence has to be considered within the circumstance that it is to be used. This has been written extensively in a journal written by Golding and Roesch in 1988 where they write. â€Å"Mere presence of severe disturbance (a

Cell Biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Cell Biology - Essay Example downregulate the expression of the histidine biosynthetic enzymes in the presence of ample histidine, since the cell does not need to synthesis histidine under those conditions. If HisP functions as a gene activator, I would expect it to bind more tightly to the regulatory sequences under conditions with low levels of histidine. As a gene activator, HisP would function to increase the expression of genes necessary for the biosynthesis of histidine. This would be more necessary and beneficial to the cell under conditions of low histidine. 2. In class we talked about how bacterial cells can take up the amino acid tryptophan from their surroundings, or if the external supply is insufficient, they can synthesize trytophan by using enzymes in the cell. In some bacteria, the control of glutamine synthesis is similar to that of tryptophan synthesis, such that the glutamine repressor is used to inhibit the transcription of the glutamine operon, which contains the genes that code for the enzymes required for glutamine synthesis. Upon binding to cellular glutamine, the glutamine repressor binds to the site of the promoter of the operon. By repressing the expression of the glutamine operon in the abundance of glutamine, as when the repressor molecule is bound to glutamine, the cell can conserve energy by not synthesizing a molecule that is already in abundance in its environment. When the supply of glutamine drops, the number of repressor molecules bound to glutamine, and hence repressing the expression of the glutamine operon, drops as well. This allows the cell to express the glutamine operon in order to raise levels of glutamine through its own biosynthetic pathway. The regulatory mechanism would fail because no allosteric (or other) changes induced by glutamine binding to the repressor molecule would allow it to bind to the glutamine operon promoter and cease synthesis of it. As a result, assuming no other regulatory mechanisms prevented it, the cell would

The advantages and disadvantages of using solar panels and where it Essay

The advantages and disadvantages of using solar panels and where it used - Essay Example According to Gevorkian (2007, p. 57), these hitches have led humans to seek alternative energy sources such as wind, wave, and solar energy. Solar energy is basically the energy derived from the sun. One way of harnessing this energy is through solar panels. Solar panels are simply devices that convert light energy into electric energy as noted by Mayer, Scully, Hardin, Rowell and McGehee (2007, p. 29). Another name for solar panels is photovoltaics which simply means light- electricity. Yet another name for the solar panel is solar module. More specifically, a solar module refers to a group of solar cells put together and packaged in a frame, and these can be grouped into larger arrays. Even the most primitive generation of man was aware of the power stored in warmth of the sun. Some early uses of solar energy included home heating, solar cookers, and water desalinations. In the last couple of centuries, humans have been able to make great advancements related to harnessing the immense energy from the Sun. Though just a small percentage of the sun’s energy reaches the earth, it is still possible to create massive power plants that receive energy from it. In 1839 Alexandre Edmond Becquerel discovered how to explain the means by which photovoltaic effect can be used to create energy. The next century saw the development of solar cells, in 1921 Albert Einstein received Nobel price for his work on photovoltaic effects and in 1941 the first solar cells were invented by Russell Ohl (Energy Matters 2012; PRLOG 2009). Solar cells are made of materials which are special in function known as semi-conductors. The most common material semiconductors are made of is silicon. When the semiconductor comes into contact with light, it absorbs a portion of it, meaning the light energy absorbed is transferred to the semiconductors (Nelson 2003, p 25). This energy causes a knock on the electron making them to move freely. There are one or more electric fields that force

Palestenian Civil Socity Fundings Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Palestenian Civil Socity Fundings - Term Paper Example This has resulted into the humanitarian crisis in the region that has led to the increase of the plethora of the civil societies and the NGOs witnessed today. Background and introduction to Palestinian Civil Society Movement Civil society movement started in the early 1920s in Palestine and the most eminent organization then included Labour Unions of the Islam and the Christians, Women’s organizations, and youth clubs, all were concentrated on the national issues. Coming to 1930, six other societies added onto the list of the three main organizations. Their main grievances were the mandate that was given to the British that allowed the sentiment of the Jews in the Arab land. It is however notable that between the years 1948 and 1964, the civil society movement in Palestine severely dispersed, and only a few NGOs remained within the Palestine boarders.1 The Palestinians in other countries had no option but to join local NGOs in whichever place they are and later used those loca l organizations to form formidable national Palestinian NGOs, Palestinian General Federation of Student is one such typical having established in the 1959 outside Palestine but later had a national outlook to push for the Palestinian agenda. The civil societies in Palestine faced several challenges that forced them to operate in coverts following the influences of some major international powers that thwarted the development of a strong civil movement in Palestine. For instance, the Egyptians suppressed the Palestinian Communist Party of Gaza, Arab, Nationalist Ba’ath Party, and the several braches of the Muslim Brotherhood that operated secretly in the West Bank. During this period, Gaza was under the control of Egypt while Jordan was considered for the West Bank management; these countries ensured that there is no civil movement in their areas of dominance. The needs to suppress the civil movement in Palestine were manifested when Egypt dissolved the in 1948 the Palestine N ational Council that was meant to operate in Gaza. The perfection of the need to inhibit civil movement in Palestine can be construed when in 1963 following the Gaza elections for the Palestine Legislative Council, there were no civil societies allowed to operate in West Bank except for those that demonstrated non-political activities and charities. Those that were considered must have established a federation in 1958; they also had to conform to the Jordanian law, with approval of every undertaken activity.2 From 1964, PLO started to lead the civil societies, which were in different faction and got concerned about youth organizations and voluntary works while operating outside the country of Palestine. Between 1970s and 80s, the focus was shifted to health and education, it should therefore be noted that most of the civil organization in Palestine between 1960s and 80s concentrated on services and relief with no reference to development. The development and human rights idea only c ame after the first intifada. The PLO led organizations grew ineffective in the 1990s and paved ways for the emergence of the intifada. This has led to the progressive development of the civil society in the country to date advocating and agitating for change in almost all spheres. The

Cost and Benefits of Inward Labour Migration to the United Kingdom Essay

Cost and Benefits of Inward Labour Migration to the United Kingdom - Essay Example This paper illustrates that the native population becomes hostile because they have to compete for the minimal jobs opportunities with the immigrants. In addition, an increase of immigrants leads to a restrained growth of labor cost. As for the current policy towards labor migration in the UK, it was noted that currently these police aim at discouraging labor migration to the UK, and so far the policies have been able to decrease the number of net migration to the UK. Firstly, Hatton and Tani defined immigration as the process of going to live in a foreign country permanently. Secondly, immigrants are persons who go to live permanently in a foreign country. It is of an essence to acknowledge that there are cases of illegal immigration in the United Kingdom and the European region at large, but this present study will mainly ignore the existence of illegal immigrants in the UK. Greenaway and Nelson stated that inward labor migration to the United Kingdom has been facilitated by global ization, which encourages the movement of labor from one region to another. In particular, as of 2010, immigrants in the UK made up ten percent of the entire UK population and currently, the number of international immigrants to the UK stands at 250,000. The Institute for Public Policy Research noted that the UK authorities try to control immigration into the country using a Point Based System that rationalizes the control of immigration. The system has five tiers that include highly qualified personnel, skilled personnel with job offers in the UK, students, and temporary employees. However, the tier for less qualified personnel was recently suspended. It is crucial to note that immigrants are motivated to migrate to foreign countries mainly because of prospects or possibilities of getting high paying jobs, and favorable tax and welfare systems in the foreign countries. Secondly, immigrants are motivated to migrate into foreign countries because of non-financial reasons that include better living standards in the foreign country, opportunities to study in the foreign countries, or an opportunity to rejoin other family members residing in the foreign countries

Ethics in International Business Research Paper

Ethics in International Business - Research Paper Example Ethical development is more of an intrinsic process and it cannot be captured through the printed literature. Knowledge of ethical theories and practical experience enable an individual to face the critical situations, in personal life or in business situations and enable one to determine which ethical characteristics need to be adopted. Ethics in international business will not accrue through learning theory alone. A number of practicalities are involved as the international business platform is most volatile on many counts. But one thing is certain. It is in the interest of all concerned, international businessmen, policymakers and politicians involved in business decision making, to learn and execute ethical practices. Accountability and ethical principles need to go in tandem which will contribute to the overall welfare of the global business community in particular and global family of humankind in general. International business has the potential to enhance the country’s capacity to produce goods as well as to export or import them. The Friedman Doctrine is aptly described by Campbell Jones (2005). He dissects the doctrine into three parts and writes, â€Å" First, Friedman explicitly recognizes that capitalism is marked by conflict of interest†¦this conflict of interest is clearly expressed between business and labor†¦.increasing profit is the responsibility of business, and protecting the interests of labor is the responsibility of labor leaders. Between these two groups, there is an unassailable conflict of interest which is a matter of politics and this cannot be wished away by economists or business ethicists.†(p.98) Describing the position of the state and about the social responsibility of the organizations, he elucidates, â€Å" Second, Friedman does not think that the state is a bad thing that should be done away with as if capitalism could continue without the state†¦.Indeed, one of the reasons that Friedman is conc erned about business people exercising functions of ‘social responsibility’ is that these business people have not been democratically elected for the purposes of representing the community at large, are, therefore, unlikely to represent the broader interest.†(p.98) And on the ethical issues relating to business, he does the tightrope walking and states, â€Å"Third, Friedman expands on the earlier noting that business can engage in competition, ‘so long as it stays within the rules of the fame†¦the desire of business will be to make as much money as possible, ‘while conforming to the basic rules of society, both those embodied in law and those embodied in ethical custom.†(p.99) This coverage is comprehensive. Milton Friedman (1970) offers detailed comments and expands his arguments, â€Å"Presumably, the individuals who are to be responsible are businessmen, which mean individual proprietors or corporate executives. Most of the discussion of social responsibility is directed at corporations, so in what follows I shall mostly neglect the individual proprietors and speak of corporate executives.† (The New York Times)This needs further clarifications. A corporate executive is an employee of the owners of the business and his primary and direct responsibility is to them.  Ã‚  

Evaluating Performance DB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Evaluating Performance DB - Essay Example The formula to calculate return of equity is net income divided by stockholders equity. An investor evaluating return on equity is looking for a highest return on equity possible. In order to determine if the return on equity of a company or project is good an analyst must compare the company’s return on equity with the industry standard. A good source to find information about the financial metric industry standard is Dun & Bradstreet database. Utilizing return of equity to evaluate oversee projects has its advantages and disadvantages. Return on equity is good performance metric because it is very straight forward as far as being an indicator that can be used to compare between different projects. It is a metric that can be easily calculated by looking at a company’s financial statements. This financial ratio allows an investor to determine the overall efficiency of the company or project being evaluated. Some of the drawbacks associated with utilizing return of equity to evaluate an oversee project is that the formula to calculate the ratio relies on the validity of the financial information provided to the investor. In certain foreign nations corruption is big part of corporate business, thus tricks such as write downs can distort the numbers. A factor that can lead to misinterpretation of data when evaluating the return on equity metric in the international scene is inflation. Internal rate of return is a financial metric that provides insight regarding if a project is worth investing on or not. The metric helps an evaluator of a project determine the overall quality and efficiency of the investment. In essence the metric provides a person with information about the expected growth of a project which is valuable information for company such as Acme which wants to determine whether a foreign investment is worthwhile. There are pro and cons associated with the application or utilization of IRR in an international setting. One of the key advantages of

Future Life Reading Essay Example for Free

Future Life Reading Essay First, I can see a man and a woman walking into view from the bottom left of the image, diagonally across the scene to the top right. They are holding hands as they walk. She is wearing a very light and airy thin materialed flowing white dress; I cannot see her hair color. She is a thin woman. The man, as they are walking is pointing things out to the woman, things in the distance. He seems to speak a lot about the things he is pointing at. He has black hair and is wearing a shirt or a jacket that reminds me of Star Trek: TNG, or other similar sci-fi attire, goldish in color and almost sparkly; the edges a 2† (at least) thick line of slightly lighter color around the outer edges of the garment. The setting appears to be sand in color, Egypt would be the closest reference from here on earth, and the sun is shining. There are others around, but not immediately close-by to this couple. (To note: As I was writing this, at about 10:30 am Eastern Standard Time, I got a very strong smell of beer. I do not have any beer in my home.) Second, I got a close up image of a woman’s face/head. She has moderately long dark hair, and wears what appear to be thick-lensed glasses. She is sitting in some sort of layered seating such as in an auditorium, arena, or university classroom. She is holding a pen or pencil in her right hand between her fingers, constantly moving her hand around as she speaks to a person seated to her right. I believe the person she is speaking with is male, adult, but I cannot see him. All the while, she is watching and listening to what is going on in front of her. She was wearing a light colored long-sleeved thin blouse. Third, it started with an upside-down workboot. Behind this workboot, faded in the image of a garage or auto shop. The room looked large, but only seemed to have 1 garage door. The boot faded as other images came into view. In this garage, there is now a car at the far wall, directly across from the open door, which has 2 people on the other side of it. One man, which is clearly visible, is the focus of the scene. This man is older, white or very light grey hair, and he is wearing an orange t-shirt. This man is close to 6-feet tall from the look of it. The other man with him is like a shadow figure, never coming into view enough to see him, only enough to see that he is there; he is shorter than the older man. The older gentleman in the orange shirt is looking over toward another part of this room and seems to be arguing with someone. He doesn’t look happy at all. I cannot see the person he is arguing with, however, I get the feeling that he is arguing with his wife over something as he is getting ready to leave to go somewhere. Directly outside the garage door, I can see pavement and grass to the side, and there looks to be a fence next to the grass. On the grass, I see something largely red with blue, definitely a child’s toy; it looks like it may be a small wagon or dump truck, but I can’t see for sure. There is something else to the left of this object but I cannot make it out either; I’m guessing a tricycle.

Rape Law Reform in England and Wales

Rape Law Reform in England and Wales 1. Introduction The beginning of the 21st Century has seen a major overhaul of the sexual offences legislation in England and Wales. Prior to this reform the law on sexual offences was based on legislation implemented in 1956[2], with some parts dating as far back as the 19th Century. It goes without saying that this legislation was grossly dated and unsuitable for the 21st Century. A number of important amendments had been made since the 1956 legislation, including the inclusion of marital rape and male rape in 1994[3]. However, these piecemeal changes resulted in very confusing laws, to the extent that many different Acts had to be accessed in order to decipher where the law stood on any given matter. The Home Office acknowledged that this had led to a ‘patchwork quilt of provisions (Home Office, 2000, pg. iii). The previous law was also plagued by anomalies, inappropriate language[4] and discrimination, some of which may have been construed as violating human rights legislation. Starting with a pledge by the newly elected 1997 Labour government to help victims of sexual offences obtain justice, a detailed and lengthy review process was initiated in 1999 (the Sexual Offences Review). This was followed by a Sexual Offences Bill and then, finally, the arrival of the Sexual Offences Act 2003, which came into force in May 2004. This article outlines the criticisms feminists have previously made about rape law in England and Wales and describes and evaluates as far as possible the new legislation as it relates to rape. 2. The attrition problem The criticisms feminist academics and activists have highlighted in terms of rape law in England and Wales are similar to those described in other countries with adversarial legal systems. These include: the difficulties in proving non-consent; cross-examination; rape myths; the use of sexual history evidence in court; and the 1976 ruling in Morgan[5] that an ‘mistaken but ‘honest belief in consent should lead to an acquittal even if this belief in consent is not a ‘reasonable one. The incredibly high attrition rate for rape cases has been a major concern underpinning many of these criticisms and acted as a strong push factor towards the strengthening of the law on sexual offences. Quite simply, most rape victims who report the offence to the police will never even see their case reach court, never mind see the perpetrator convicted for rape. Many studies have documented the high attrition rate and how it has increased over time. While more and more men are being reported to the police for rape, the proportion that are convicted for rape has been steadily falling since records began (Smith, 1989; Chambers and Miller, 1983; Lees and Gregory, 1993; Harris and Grace, 1999; HMCPSI and HMIC, 2002; Lea, Lanvers and Shaw, 2003). These studies show that the ratio of rape convictions to reported rapes has steadily fallen from one in three in 1977 to one in 20 in 2002 (Kelly, 2004). Comparative analysis has found that the high rape attrition rate is not confined to England and Wales but is echoed to different extents across Europe (Kelly and Regan, 2001). Bearing in mind that most rapes are not even reported to the police[6], this of only one in twenty is particularly concerning and has been the basis of much campaigning by activist groups. Moreover, Kelly (2002) warns that attrition may actually be even higher than research has fo und because such studies do not take into account rapes that are reported to but not recorded by the police, or any convictions that are overturned on appeal. New research has found that around one in ten convicted rapists later have their convictions overturned or sentence reduced on appeal (Cook, 2004). 3. The reform process The Sex Offences Review began in 1999 and aimed to achieve ‘protection, fairness and justice within the Home Offices overall aim of creating a ‘safe, just and tolerant society (Home Office, 2000b)[7]. The reviews terms of reference were: ‘To review the sex offences in the common and statute law of England and Wales, and make recommendations that will:  · provide coherent and clear sex offences which protect individuals, especially children and the more vulnerable, from abuse and exploitation;  · enable abusers to be appropriately punished; and  · be fair and non-discriminatory in accordance with the ECHR and Human Rights Act. This third point is likely to have been an important factor in why the Government felt the pressing need for legislative reform; in October 2000 the Human Rights Act 1998 came into force and thereby incorporated the rights guaranteed by the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) into the domestic law of England and Wales. Although the Human Rights Act 1998 did not actually give citizens any ‘new rights it gave judges the power to make a statement of incompatibility if a piece of legislation failed to respect an individuals human rights. Moreover, the European Court of Human Rights has in the past held states accountable for violations of human rights where they failed to enact appropriate rape legislation[8]. An internal steering group and external reference group were set up as part of the review; the latter including established feminist academics[9], representatives from feminist organizations working with victims of rape[10] and feminists campaigning for rape law reform[11]. Intentionally or unintentionally, the review was therefore guided by a strong feminist influence. Two lengthy documents were then produced, consisting of literature reviews, reports from consultation seminars and recommendations (Home Office 2000a, 2000b) and from this review, the white paper ‘Protecting the Public was published (Home Office, 2002) setting out the Governments proposals. In the foreword by Home Secretary David Blunkett, he described the existing law on sexual offences using words such as ‘archaic, ‘incoherent and ‘discriminatory. The Sexual Offences Bill was introduced in January 2003 into the House of Lords, where some amendments were made. The Bill was passed to the House of Commons in June 2003 where it was reviewed by a Home Affairs Committee. In July 2003 this review was published, along with oral and written evidence submitted as part of an inquiry into specific sections of the Bill (House of Commons Home Affairs Committee, 2003). The Sexual Offences Bill was given Royal Assent on the 20th November 2003 and became the Sexual Offences Act 2003 with effect from May 2004. This replaced the Sexual Offences Act 1956 and its various amendments. It is widely acknowledged that the new Act represents the largest overhaul of sexual offences in over a century (Editorial, Criminal Law Review, 2003). 4. The Sexual Offences Act 2004 In order to secure a conviction for rape it is necessary to prove beyond reasonable doubt not only that the defendant committed an act that meets the legal definition of rape but also that the defendant knew that the victim was not consenting. These are known as the actus reus (the guilty act) and the mens rea (the guilty mind, or criminal intent). These two aspects of rape are now described in turn in terms of the reforms that have taken place. 4.1 The actus reus (guilty act) The actus reus of rape within the Sexual Offences Act 1956 was simply defined as unlawful sexual intercourse with a woman, which was amended in 1976[12] to unlawful sexual intercourse with a woman without her consent. The 1990s saw two major changes relating to the actus reus of rape. In 1991, after over 100 years of feminist campaigning rape within marriage became illegal within the common law system and this was placed into statute in the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 when the word ‘unlawful was removed from the definition. It had previously been judged in common law that married women had no capability or authority to ‘not consent: ‘The sexual communication between them is by virtue of the irrevocable privilege conferred once for all on the husband at the time of the marriage †¦ (R v Clarence, 1888). ‘But the husband cannot be guilty of rape committed by himself upon his lawful wife, for their matrimonial consent and contract the wife hath given up herself in this kind unto her husband, which she cannot retract. (Sir Matthew Hale, 1736 History of the Pleas of the Crown) The criminalisation of marital rape was controversial within legal circles. This is because when it was criminalized in 1991 it was seen as being criminalized by judge-made law rather than the elected government. The case in question was R v R[13] where it was alleged a husband had attempted to have sexual intercourse with his estranged wife without her consent and physically assaulted her by squeezing her neck with both hands. In this case the issue was not whether he had attempted to force his wife to have sexual intercourse without her consent, but rather whether this fell under the legal definition of ‘unlawful sexual intercourse. Relying upon Hales now infamous statement (cited above) the defence argued that because the acts were against his wife this could not be classed as unlawful. In considering this defence, Mr Justice Owen argued that Hales statement could not longer be seen as valid because it was ‘a statement made in general terms at a time when marriage was indissolvable. However, this dismissal of Hale appeared to relate more to the fact that there was physical force used in the attempted rape than the lack of consent per se: ‘I am asked to accept that there is a presumption or an implied consent by the wife to sexual intercourse with her husband; with that, I do not find it difficult to agree. However, I find it hard to believe †¦ that it was ever the common law that a husband was in effect entitled to beat his wife into submission to sexual intercourse †¦ If it was, it is a very sad commentary on the law and a very sad commentary on the judges in whose breasts the law is said to reside. However, I will nevertheless accept that there is such an implicit consent as to sexual intercourse which requires my consideration as to whether this accused may be convicted for rape. Mr Justice Owen ruled that the act could be classed as attempted rape and sentenced the defendant to three years imprisonment. The defendant appealed, arguing that Mr Justice Owen had been wrong to rule that rape within marriage was against the law when the marriage had not been revoked. The appeal was dismissed unanimously at the Court of Appeal[14], where Lord Lane dismissed Sir Matthew Hales statement as being a ‘statement of the common law at that epoch, where ‘the common law rule no longer remotely represents what is the true position of a wife in present-day society. The Court of Appeal concluded: ‘We take the view that the time has now arrived when the law should declare a rapist a rapist subject to the criminal law, irrespective of his relationship with his victim. This judgement was later upheld on appeal to the House of Lords[15] and at the European Court of Human Rights[16]. The second of the two previously mentioned changes was also made within the 1994 Act when it was acknowledged that a man could be a victim of rape and the actus reus of rape was amended to cover vaginal or anal intercourse against a woman or another man without their consent. Although other parts of the Sexual Offences Act 1956 were revised between 1995 and 2003, the actus reus of rape retained its definition as in the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 until the new definition in the Sexual Offences Act 2003. The Sexual Offences Act 2003 defines the actus reus of rape as penile penetration of the vagina, anus or mouth of another person without their consent. Therefore, in terms of its actus reus, rape has slowly changed over nearly half a century from unlawful sexual intercourse with a woman to penile penetration of the vagina, anus or mouth of another person without their consent. The widening of the actus reus to include penile penetration of the mouth is based on arguments made in the Sexual Offences Review that other forms of penetration (for example: penile penetration of the mouth, or vaginal or anal penetration with an object or another part of the body) should be treated just as seriously as penile penetration of the vagina or anus. It was decided that rape should be extended to include penile penetration of the mouth, on the basis that ‘†¦ forced oral sex is as horrible, as demeaning and as traumatising as other forms of penile penetration (Home Office, 2000a, pg. 15)[ 17]. This means that it remains a gender-specific offence with regard to the perpetrator (i.e. the act requires a penis) but a gender-neutral offence with regard to the victim. A new offence of assault by penetration was introduced to cover penetration by objects other than a penis, as with rape carrying the maximum sentence of life imprisonment[18]. The second part of the actus reus relates to a lack of consent. There are generally three lines of defence used in rape cases; that intercourse never took place, that it took place but not by the accused or that it took place but that the victim consented to it or that the accused believed that the victim consented to it (Baird, 1999). Baird (1999) highlights that there are very few rape cases that are ‘whodunnits, and the defence that sexual intercourse never took place is also rare. These defences are likely to have become even less common since developments in DNA testing (Lees, 1996). The issue of consent is therefore what many rape defence arguments focus on, and one of the aims of the review of sexual offences was to ‘clarify the law on consent'[19]. The root of the ‘consent problem lies with the requirement of the prosecution to prove the absence of consent (rather than requiring the defence to prove that they had taken steps to ascertain consent), and in many ways this problem is unique to rape cases. If, for example, a person reported that their car had been stolen it would not be necessary to prove that it had been taken without their consent. Similarly, if an individual were physically assaulted, for example punched in the face, they would rarely be asked if they agreed to be punched in the face. A further problem in rape cases is that the only direct witness is likely to be the rape victim, which means that cases often come down to one persons word against the other. If the defendant says that the victim consented and the victim says she did not consent then it is difficult to validate either persons statement of the act[20]. Because of the nature of sexual offending it is unlikely there would be a third party availab le to directly corroborate either statement. The Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1976 was the first to use the term ‘consent in statute – previously it had been force that was named as the relevant factor. However, consent had been an issue within common law since 1845 in Camplin in which the woman was drugged with alcohol and it was ruled that, although no force had been used, it was clear that the act was against the womans will and that she could not have consented to it. Since then, there have been other cases where consent is automatically deemed to be absent[21], which Temkin (2000) refers to as the ‘category approach. The case of Olugboja[22] in 1981 however, appears to have changed the standards needed to show non-consent. In this case it was ruled that consent was a state of mind and that the jury should be directed to make up their own minds as to whether consent was present based on the victims state of mind at the time of the rape. This appears to overturn the legal standards that had been develop ed using the ‘category approach. However, this is unclear and Temkin (2000) described the situation as having a ‘threefold uncertainty. The first element of uncertainty was because there was no statutory definition of consent. Secondly, the Olugboja decision individualised cases regarding consent hence moved away from the idea of a legal standard of non-consent. Finally, there was uncertainty regarding whether or not Olugboja had replaced the previous common law ‘category approach. The Sexual Offences Act 2003 addressed these uncertainties by defining consent as ‘a person consents if he agrees by choice, and has the freedom and capacity to make that choice (section 74) and by returning to the category approach by listing the categories in statute. However, the 2003 Act differentiates between six categories where consent is presumed to be absent, unless there is sufficient evidence to the contrary to raise an issue that the defendant reasonably believed that the victim consented, and two categories where consent is conclusively presumed to be absent. This means that the issue of consent still, to some extent, relies upon the mental state of the defendant, even in cases such as where the victim was asleep, experiencing violence from the defendant, or unlawfully detained[23], although the burden of proof is reversed in these situations with the defendant required to demonstrate the steps he took to ascertain consent. 4.2 The mens rea (guilty mind) This second part of the offence of rape – the mens rea – is based on the premise that an individual should not be punished for an act that they did not know they were committing at the time of the act. Although the actus reus and the mens rea are components of all crimes, the mens rea only becomes relevant when the conduct in question contains some level of ambiguity. The need to prove both the actus reus and the mens rea is applicable to other crimes besides rape. The most regularly used example is the crime of trespass; it is against the law to trespass onto anothers property, but a person cannot be convicted if they did not know they were trespassing (i.e. if private property was not clearly marked). Whether or not a person intended to commit a crime is probably more central in rape cases than for other criminal offences when it comes to proving the ‘guilty mind. Previously, if a man committed the actus reus of rape – the guilty act, but he honestly believed that the woman was consenting regardless of how unreasonable that belief was, he can not be convicted of rape because the mens rea[24] – the guilty mind – was not present. This was known formally as the ‘mistaken belief clause and informally as the ‘rapists charter (Temkin, 1987) because it meant that a woman could be actively non-consenting, even shouting ‘no and struggling to free herself, and a man could still be acquitted of rape. It is a defence that is very difficult, if not impossible, to disprove because the defence relies upon what was going on the defendants mind. The ‘mistaken belief clause was first introduced in Morgan[25] in 1976 when a husband colluded in the raping of his wife by three of his friends. He allegedly told his friends that his wife would struggle and say ‘no, as though she did not want to have intercourse with them, but that this ‘turned her on because she was ‘kinky. The accused men claimed that they honestly believed she was enjoying it and consenting and that they did not intend to rape her – in other words they never had a guilty mind. Although in the Morgan case the men were convicted, and the husband convicted of aiding and abetting, this case set a new precedent. The House of Lords ruled that if a man honestly believed that a woman consented, regardless of how unreasonable this belief was, he could not be found guilty of rape. Feminist activist groups campaigned for many years that the mistaken belief defence should be based on some test of reasonableness or that the mistaken belief clause should be abolished altogether. These are issues that have been widely debated throughout the common-law world. In Australia this issue divided rape law reform campaigners into two groups; the ‘subjectivists who argued that the Morgan ruling should be upheld – i.e. if a man honestly believes that a woman consents to sexual intercourse regardless of how unreasonable that belief is he should not be found guilty of rape, and the ‘objectivists, who argue that the belief should be reasonable (Gans, 1997). In Victoria, Australia, the argument against the amendment or abolishment of the ‘mistaken belief defence was based upon data from an empirical study commissioned by the Law Reform Commission of Victoria. This research found that in an examination of 51 rape trials the ‘mistaken belief defence was used in 23 per cent of cases. Furthermore, it was found that acquittals were actually less likely in these cases (Law Reform Commission of Victoria, 1991a, 1991b). They concluded that although the adoption of objectivism would have some effect on the outcomes in rape trials, this impact would be very slight (Law Reform Commission of Victoria, 1991b). This opinion did not meet with universal agreement, and Gans (1997) argues that the methodology, and hence the findings, of this part of the research was fundamentally flawed, invalid and misleading. He criticises the research for not taking into account pre-trial decisions on attrition, and argues they should have included all reported rape cases when publicising the conviction rate rather than just those cases that got to court. Gans also argues the Victorian research ignored the role of the ‘honest belief within juror decision making and had vague coding categories around consent and honest belief. He suggests that, by re-c oding the data, at least 74 per cent rather than 23 per cent of the trials actually had at least some element of the ‘mistaken belief defence and warns that while successful law reform should be based upon empirical research, caution should also be exercised. In England and Wales no empirical research has ever addressed this subject, and it is therefore impossible to know the scale of the problem here[26]. In the Sexual Offences Review there was much debate about the mistaken belief defence, but no clear agreement was reached as to what should be recommended. Around a third of the respondents to the rape and sexual assault section of the Review argued that Morgan should be changed so that a belief must be both honest and reasonable (Home Office, 2000a). Alongside these responses, a postcard campaign to Jack Straw (then the Home Secretary) was organised by the feminist activist group Campaign to End Rape, which called for a total dismissal of the Morgan ruling. The debate within the review was not whether Morgan should be changed per se (the Home Office rape seminar and the Reviews External Reference group agreed that it should be changed), but rather how it should be changed, and what, if anything should replace it. After much debate, the Sexual Offences Act 2003 defined the mens rea of rape as if ‘A does not reasonably believe that B consents (section 1c). Whether or not the belief is classed as reasonable is determined after regarding all the circumstances, including any steps A may have taken to ascertain whether B consents. It is too early to consider what impact this may have had, and the lack of any baseline s makes evaluation difficult unless this were to be conducted retrospectively or using interviews with lawyers. 5. Conclusions The reformed rape law, as of May 2004 can thereby be summarised as if ‘A intentionally penetrates the vagina, anus or mouth of ‘B with his penis, and if ‘B does not consent to the penetration and ‘A does not reasonably believe that ‘B consents (paraphrased from section 1 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003). Although there were piecemeal reforms made between 1956 and 2003, none of these had any impact on the continued decrease in the conviction rate. It is too soon to know how the 2003 Act will be interpreted and what, if any, impact it will have. Although consent has now been defined in statute, this does not solve many of the issues relating to consent. It remains a problem that the law equates passivity or non-resistance with consent (Henning, 1997), especially when there is no evidence of physical violence or if the victim had consented in the past (Harris and Weiss, 1995). The re-wording of the mens rea so that the belief in consent must be reasonable is a significant step forwards, however it is too early to know how ‘reasonable will be interpreted in case law (i.e. reasonable to who? under what circumstances?). There was some scepticism relating to what impact the Sexual Offences Act 2003 would have even during the consultation stages. In 2001, for example, Rumney warned that the review might lead to ‘another false dawn (pg. 890) because of its sole focus on the black letter law. In other words, it is unlikely that men will ‘decide not to rape simply because the laws have been slightly strengthened. Similarly, the high attrition rate is not solely related to how rape is defined in law, so the impact here may also be marginal. Goldberg-Ambrose (1992) suggests that law reform should focus on the trial process, particularly on how rules of evidence and the ways in which rape cases are constructed relate to social perceptions of gender, coercion and sexuality. This suggests that it may be necessary to look further than the ‘black letter law towards the trial process in an attempt to explain why the problems around the prosecution of rape persist. Although campaigning for rape law reform is important it may not be enough. This has been acknowledged by feminists for some time; for example, in 1984 Jeffreys and Radford argued that reforms can only ever be effectively implemented alongside a transformation of mens attitudes. In its most simple terms, it is likely that laws are easier to change than prejudiced attitudes (Gaines, 1997). Although there remain many issues relating to the prosecution of rape defendants, few feminists in England and Wales will deny that the reformed rape law represents a huge step forwards. The same can be said for the other sexual offence laws that were reformed and with regard to the new offences that the legislation created. Decades of previously dismissed feminist campaigning have now come to fruition and the new legislation tempts ‘told you so type comments in some places. The major achievements of the legislation can be held as being: the retention of rape as a gendered offence in terms of its perpetration; the need for an ‘honest belief in consent to also be ‘reasonable; and a complete revision of what it means to truly consent. However, it is highly unlikely that a new law alone will see an end to the problems women who are raped face within the criminal justice system and it is important that monitoring of the new Act begins and is made publicly available as s oon as possible. References Baird, V. (1999) Changes to section 2 of Sexual Offences Act 1976, Medicine, Science and the Law, 39 (3), 198-208. Chambers, G. and Miller, A. (1983) Investigating Rape, Edinburgh: HMSO Cook, K. (2004) Rape Appeal Study: Summary Findings, available at www.truthaboutrape.co.uk Gans, J. (1997) Rape Trial Studies: Handle with Care, The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 30, 26-35. Hale, M. (1736, published in 1971) The History of the Pleas of the Crown, London: Professional Books. Harris, J. and Grace, S. (1999) A question of evidence? Investigating and prosecuting rape in the 1990s, London: Home Office. Harris, L.R. and Weiss, D.J. (1995) Judgements of Consent in Simulated Rape Cases, Journal of Social Behaviour and Personality, 10 (1), 79-90. Henning, T. (1997) Consent in sexual assault cases: the continuing construction, Violence Against Women, 3, 4-10. HMCPSI and HMIC (2002) A Report on the Joint Inspection into the Investigation and Prosecution of Cases involving Allegations of Rape, London: HMCPSI and HMIC. Home Office Review of Sex Offences (2000a) Setting the Boundaries: Reforming the law on sex offences (Volume 1), London: Home Office Communication Directorate. Home Office Review of Sex Offences (2000b) Setting the Boundaries: Reforming the law on sex offences (Volume 2), London: Home Office Communication Directorate. Jeffreys, S., and Radford, J. (1984) Contributory negligence or being a woman? The car rapist case, in P. Scraton and P. Gordon (eds) Causes for Concern, London: Penguin books. Kelly, L. (2002) A research review on the reporting, investigation and prosecution of rape cases, London: HM Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate and HM Inspectorate of Constabulary. Kelly, L. (2004) Legal Reform, Sexual Autonomy and the Justice Gap: Sexual Offences Law in the 21st Century, paper presented at the European Rape Congress, Brussels, 1st – 2nd April 2004. Kelly, L. and Regan, L. (2001) Rape: The Forgotten Issue? A European research and networking project, University of North London: Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit. Law Reform Commission of Victoria (1991a) Rape: Reform of Law and Procedure: Appendixes to Interim Report No 42, Melbourne: LRCV. Law Reform Commission of Victoria (1991b) Rape: Reform of Law and Procedure, Report No 43, Melbourne: LRCV. Lea, S.J., Lanvers, U. and Shaw, S. (2003) Attrition in rape cases; developing a profile and identifying relevant factors, British Journal of Criminology, 43, 583-599. Lees, S. (1996) Carnal Knowledge – Rape on Trial (1st edition), London: Hamish Hamilton. Lees, S. and Gregory, J. (1993) Rape and Sexual Assault: A Study of Attrition, London: Islington Council. Rumney, P.N.S. (2001) The Review of Sex Offences and Rape Law Reform: Another False Dawn? Modern Law Review, 64 (6), 890-910. Smith, L.J.F. (1989) Concerns About Rape, Home Office Research Study No. 106, London: HMSO. Temkin, J. (1987) Rape and the Legal Process, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Temkin, J. (2000) Literature Review: Rape and Sexual Assault, in Setting the Boundaries, London: Home Office www.bristol.ac.uk/sps [1] Nicole Westmarland is a Research Associate in the area of gender and violence at the University of Bristol, UK and a PhD candidate at the University of York, UK. Her activism work includes Tyneside Rape Crisis Centre and the Truth About Rape Campaign. [2] Sexual Offences Act 1956 [3] Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 [4] For example the use of the term ‘defective for individuals with learning disabilities. [5] Morgan v DPP [1976] AC 182 [6] Research on non-reporting in England and Wales vary depending on who is conducting the research and when the research was conducted. Recent governmental research found that two in ten women who have been raped reported the incident to the police (Myhill and Allen, 2002). However, dated non-governmental research suggested this may be even lower at one in ten women (Painter, 1991). [7] This is part of an overall Labour strategy to put support victims of crime and bring more criminals to justice. (c.f. ‘Justice for All; ‘Speaking up for Justice; the Criminal Justice Act 2003, and plans for a new Victims and Witnesses Bill in the future) [8] In X and Y v The Netherlands in 1985 the Netherlands was held to have violated the rights of a mentally handicapped 16 year old girl because of a loophole in the law which meant that she was not able to make a rape complaint. In M.C. v Bulgaria in 2003 Bulgaria was held to have violated the rights of a girl because she could not prove non-consent because the legal definition of non-consent required force to be used and she was not physically restrained during the rapes. [9] Including Professor Jennifer Temkin and Professor Liz Kelly [10] Rape Crisis Federation [11] Campaign to End Rape [12] Sexual Offences Amendment Act 1976 [13] R v R [1991] 1 All England Law Reports, 747 [14] R v R [1991] 2 All English Law Reports 257 [15] R v R [1991] 4 All England Law Reports 481 [16] CR and SW v UK [17] Previously, pe

Increased Rate of Infections in the Acute Care Setting

Increased Rate of Infections in the Acute Care Setting Rey Albert Tablazon Kim Harper Healthcare associated infections develop in a patient as a result of their exposure to healthcare facilities or procedures. They include methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), C. difficile and other infections caused by bacteria and viruses encountered in healthcare facilities (CUPE, 2009). Hospital acquired infection can result in prolonged or permanent disability and some hospital acquired infections prove fatal (Taylor, Plowman, Roberts, n.d.).The rates of these hospital acquired infections in the acute care setting have increased especially in Alberta. For example, in 2007, a preliminary surveillance report on MRSA in patients from 47 Canadian acute-care sentinel hospitals found that the MRSA rate was 8.62 per 1000 admissions (AHW, 2011). Also, since reporting began in 1999, a cumulative total of 1,241 VRE infected cases were reported to the Public Health Agency of Canada (Agency) through December 31, 2011 (PHAC, 2013). With the incidences of these super-infections occurring in the acute care setting, the health of the individuals being admitted in the hospital is further placed at risk. The individuals at risk include mostly children and the elderly. According to the population projections of the Alberta Treasury Board and Finance (2013), the number of Albertans aged 80 years and older would more than triple from the current level of about 115,000 in 2012 to over 383,700 by 2041 (p. 3). This means that more and more elderly individuals will be at high risk for infections such as MRSA which according to the report by AHC (2011), have infection rates highest in the elderly (70 years and older). Acquiring infections in the acute care setting can have a great impact on the affected person’s life. This might mean he can no longer go to work while being treated in the hospital which would mean financial losses which not only affect the individual, but also his family. Furthermore, treating super infec tions in a hospital care setting can significantly impact the country’s economy. A survey of Canadian hospitals (reported in 2000) estimated the direct costs of hospital acquired infections in Canada to be approximately $1 billion annually. In 2007, MRSA alone was estimated to be costing Canada’s healthcare system $200-250 million per year (CUPE, 2009). Identifying Solutions to Prevent Super-infections Super-infections can be costly to treat and most often than not, prove fatal for the individuals afflicted with such. However, over the years, methods have been developed to further prevent individuals admitted to in an acute care setting from contracting such infections. Such methods involve adding more healthcare cleaning and infection control staff with proper training. Knowing how to deal with a situation where infection occurs can greatly reduce the risk of certain infections from spreading further among individuals in an acute care setting. Hospitals in Canada and Europe have demonstrated that investment in more cleaning and infection control staff, training and workforce stability has brought infection rates down (CUPE, 2009). Most infections acquired in the acute care setting can be transferred through direct contact. It can either be direct contact with an infected individual or an object that has come into contact with an infected individual. Transfer of infectious bacteria can be prevented through proper hand washing. Hospitals nowadays tend to have hand sanitizers placed strategically over the entire hospital. While antimicrobial soap and water are still recommended for hands that are visibly soiled or have been exposed to bodily fluids, alcohol-based gels or rubs are now preferred for routine decontamination of hands after most patient contact. These products rapidly kill bacteria and most viruses, and actually are gentler on the hands than repeated use of soap and water (IHI, 2012). The nurse’s role is to educate, not only the individuals being admitted into an acute care setting, but also the visitors coming in and out of the hospital to wash their hands properly. Nursing Care Plans There are three nursing care plans that were drafted from this scenario which may apply to potential high risk individuals involved. First nursing diagnosis is an actual problem, fear/anxiety (see Appendix A for a breakdown of the care plan). Second nursing diagnosis is a potential problem, risk for infection (see Appendix B for a breakdown of the care plan). The last nursing diagnosis is an educational need, knowledge deficit (see Appendix C for a breakdown of the care plan). Conclusion Preventing the spread of super-infections involves team effort. Not only is this limited to the health care workers, but also extends to families and visitors in an acute care setting. The addition of more staff that are trained and knowledgeable in dealing with infection prevention certainly helps keep such infections at bay. Most of these infections are acquired through direct contact; therefore, proper hand washing should be performed before and after coming into contact with an individual or any object that is present in the hospital. Not only will it reduce the risk of contracting a super-infection towards oneself, it will also prevent the spread towards other individuals. References Albert Health and Wellness, (2011). Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) – 2010 AHW Report. Retrieved from http://www.health.alberta.ca/documents/MRSA- Alberta-Report-2006-2010.pdf Alberta Treasury Board and Finance, (2013). Alberta population projection. Retrieved from http://www.finance.alberta.ca/aboutalberta/population-projections/2013-2041-alberta- population-projections.pdf Canadian Union of Public Employees, (2009). Health care associated infections: a backgrounder. Retrieved from http://cupe.ca/health-care/health-care-associated- infections Doenges, M.E., Moorhouse, M.F., Murr, A.C., (2006). Nursing care plans. Guidelines for individualizing client care across the life span 7th ed. USA. F.A. Davis Company Elsevier, (n.d.). Infection, risk for universal precautions; standard precautions; CDC guidelines; OSHA. Retrieved from http://www1.us.elsevierhealth.com/MERLIN/Gulanick/archive/ Constructor/gulanick33.html Institute for Healthcare Improvement, (2014). Reducing MRSA Infections: Staying One Step Ahead. Retrieved from http://www.ihi.org/knowledge/Pages/ImprovementStories/ ReducingMRSAInfectionsStayingOneStepAhead.aspx Nanda Nursing Interventions, (2012). Nursing diagnosis knowledge deficit – gestational diabetes mellitus. Retrieved from http://nanda-nursinginterventions.blogspot.ca/2012/08/nursing- diagnosis-knowledge-deficit.html Nursing Care Plan, (n.d.). Nursing care plan. Retrieved from http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_ perrin_criticalcare_1/98/25168/6443016.cw/content/index.html Nursing Care Plan, (2012). Nursing care plan for deficient knowledge. Retrieved from http://nanda-nursing-care-plan.blogspot.ca/2012/02/nursing-care-plan-for-deficient.html Public Health Agency of Canada, (2013). Vancomycin-resistant enterococci infections in Canadian acute-care hospitals: Surveillance Report January 1, 1999 to December 31, 2011. Retrieved from http://www.ammi.ca/media/55895/cnisp_vre_surveillance_report_ 1999_to_2011-en.pdf Taylor, K., Plowman, R., Roberts, J.A., (n.d.) The challenge of hospital acquired infection. USA. Stationery Office Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C

Making a Difference as a Teacher :: Teaching Education College Admissions

Making a Difference as a Teacher I have not always wanted to be a teacher. I always knew that I wanted to work with children in some way, but I was pretty sure that teaching was not for me. I was well on my way in my junior year of college working toward a biology degree so that I could become a pediatric physician’s assistant. I still cannot explain what happened, but one week I was a biology major, and the next I knew that I have always been meant to teach children. I suppose I just took the longer route to get there than most people do. The two main reasons that I have chosen to become a teacher is that I believe that teaching is extremely personally rewarding in many ways and the fact that I can actively make a difference in someone’s life. The first main reason that I have chosen teaching as a profession is because I believe that it’s continuous rewards will help me to lead a happy and fulfilled life. For example, teaching young children is one of the few jobs in which you can give and receive hugs on a daily basis. Children have an innocence and a passion for knowledge that I find amazing and I do not feel complete unless I am around them. Teaching will help provide this fulfillment for me every day. Also, teaching is a job in which it is ok, and even encouraged, to laugh each and every day. I feel that this is important for a person’s well-being and I think that it helps to keep people young and alive. I feel that in many other professions the day-to-day routine would become monotonous and boring, and I do not think that I would live a truly happy and fulfilled life unless I could be around children. I feel that a classroom provides many unique and dynamic opportunities every single d ay and I find that very appealing. Also, I am a very relationship-oriented person and I feel that I will enjoy building unique relationships with each child. I plan on knowing every child as thoroughly as possible because I feel that this will help me to be better at my job.

Jay Gatsby as Tragic Hero of Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Essay

Jay Gatsby as Tragic Hero of Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby According to Aristotle, there are a number of characteristics that identify a tragic hero: he must cause his own downfall; his fate is not deserved, and his punishment exceeds the crime; he also must be of noble stature and have greatness. These are all characteristics of Jay Gatsby, the main character of Fitzgerald's novel, The Great Gatsby.   Jay Gatsby is a tragic hero according to Aristotle's definition.  Ã‚   Jay Gatsby is an enormously rich man, and in the flashy years of the jazz age, wealth defined importance. Gatsby has endless wealth, power and influence but never uses material objects selfishly. Everything he owns exists only to attain his vision. Nick feels "inclined to reserve all judgements" (1), but despite his disapproval of Gatsby's vulgarity, Nick respects him for the strength and unselfishness of his idealism. Gatsby is a romantic dreamer who wishes to fulfill his ideal by gaining wealth in hopes of impressing and eventually winning the heart of the materialistic, superficial Daisy. She is, however, completely undeserving of his worship.  Ã‚   "Then it had been merely the stars to which he had aspired on that June night. He came alive to me, delivered suddenly from the womb of his purposeless splendor" (79). Nick realizes Gatsby's estate, parties, shirts and other seemingly "purposeless" possessions are not purposeless. Everything Gatsby does, every move he makes and every decision he conceives is for a reason. He wants to achieve his ideal, Daisy. Gatsby's "purposeless splendor" is all for the woman he loves and wishes to represent his ideal. Furthermore, Gatsby believes he can win his woman with riches, and that his woman can achieve the ideal she sta... ...w World" (182). Gatsby's vision corresponds to that of the explorers who discover the promise of the New World.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gatsby is a man of extreme capabilities but he fails to see the inevitability of his vision's failure, and in his inability to see this, he keeps trying to attain it. He does everything in his power to accomplish this vision, until his death. Daisy indirectly causes Gatsby's death, making her more than ever, unworthy of Gatsby's affections. Ironically, Gatsby lived for Daisy and up to his death, believed and had faith in her and his vision. Works Cited Dillon, Andrew. "The Great Gatsby: The Vitality of Illusion." The Arizona Quarterly 44 Spr. 1988: 49-61. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1992. Irwin, John T. "Compensating Visions: The Great Gatsby." Southwest Review 77 Autumn 1992: 536-545. Jay Gatsby as Tragic Hero of Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby Essay Jay Gatsby as Tragic Hero of Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby According to Aristotle, there are a number of characteristics that identify a tragic hero: he must cause his own downfall; his fate is not deserved, and his punishment exceeds the crime; he also must be of noble stature and have greatness. These are all characteristics of Jay Gatsby, the main character of Fitzgerald's novel, The Great Gatsby.   Jay Gatsby is a tragic hero according to Aristotle's definition.  Ã‚   Jay Gatsby is an enormously rich man, and in the flashy years of the jazz age, wealth defined importance. Gatsby has endless wealth, power and influence but never uses material objects selfishly. Everything he owns exists only to attain his vision. Nick feels "inclined to reserve all judgements" (1), but despite his disapproval of Gatsby's vulgarity, Nick respects him for the strength and unselfishness of his idealism. Gatsby is a romantic dreamer who wishes to fulfill his ideal by gaining wealth in hopes of impressing and eventually winning the heart of the materialistic, superficial Daisy. She is, however, completely undeserving of his worship.  Ã‚   "Then it had been merely the stars to which he had aspired on that June night. He came alive to me, delivered suddenly from the womb of his purposeless splendor" (79). Nick realizes Gatsby's estate, parties, shirts and other seemingly "purposeless" possessions are not purposeless. Everything Gatsby does, every move he makes and every decision he conceives is for a reason. He wants to achieve his ideal, Daisy. Gatsby's "purposeless splendor" is all for the woman he loves and wishes to represent his ideal. Furthermore, Gatsby believes he can win his woman with riches, and that his woman can achieve the ideal she sta... ...w World" (182). Gatsby's vision corresponds to that of the explorers who discover the promise of the New World.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gatsby is a man of extreme capabilities but he fails to see the inevitability of his vision's failure, and in his inability to see this, he keeps trying to attain it. He does everything in his power to accomplish this vision, until his death. Daisy indirectly causes Gatsby's death, making her more than ever, unworthy of Gatsby's affections. Ironically, Gatsby lived for Daisy and up to his death, believed and had faith in her and his vision. Works Cited Dillon, Andrew. "The Great Gatsby: The Vitality of Illusion." The Arizona Quarterly 44 Spr. 1988: 49-61. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1992. Irwin, John T. "Compensating Visions: The Great Gatsby." Southwest Review 77 Autumn 1992: 536-545.

Christopher Columbus a Hero?

In the 1500’s, people were curious about the world and wanted to advance so they explored, the explorers who discovered different things were regarded as hero’s but even though Christopher Columbus found America, he was no hero. Christopher Columbus unintentionally discovered America, when he landed in the Caribbean Islands, while looking for a direct sea route to Asia. Columbus was a selfish and untrustworthy man but was given honor. He was the cause of slavery, oppression, and mass genocide in the Americas and Africa. Obviously, Columbus was not a hero but the exact opposite. The first fact about Columbus being a villain is that he deculturalized people. When Columbus met the Tainos in North America, he wanted to make them just like Europeans, he was trying to make them all Christian. He forced them to find gold where there was none, and if they did not find any Columbus would kill them. Columbus also forced the natives to become slaves, most of the natives died on their way to Spain. Columbus and his men threw natives corpses over the side of the boat and into the ocean. The natives that did not become slaves worked on plantations or mines where they too would die from the hard working conditions. After they greeted the Europeans to their land with open arms, they were thrown aside like animals. Another important fact that makes Columbus not a hero is lying. Columbus lied to the queen about the explored island, He said that there's a lot of gold and spices, and people there would share anything with anyone. Columbus also lied that he reached Asia, which was his destination spot and then insisted that he discovered this land when the Taino were found their. He said all those things to make the queen believe that he's a good man and to save himself from the death. This doesn't only make him a liar but it also makes him selfish, he even took the prize of reaching the Bahamas from one of his crew mates in order to pay off a debt. The worst thing that Columbus did to gain a â€Å"bad character† name is genocide. When Columbus went to America second time, he brought a lot of Indians back with him to make them slaves to work for his queen. A lot of people died on the way to Columbus's country, and others were dying because they worked hard as slaves in mines and fields, which were hard and dangerous, or they wee sick with a disease, but he wasn’t the cause of not just one genocide but two. The African Americans were mistreated just as much if not worse, his reason for this was a shortage of Indian slaves. He enslaved these people after they were betrayed by their own and trade for guns. There were many deaths and the lives of the Africans were beyond comprehension and this was all thank to Christopher Columbus. Without a doubt, Columbus was a terrible man and doesn’t deserve the recognition of a hero but a villain. An entire culture was ruined when it has been alive for maybe hundreds of years before Columbus arrived. Columbus betrayed his crew and the native after they were being kind and generous to him, just to cover for the lies he told. The Natives and Africans were killed, raped, and enslaved all because Columbus. Many men and women are thought of as hero and they do this by accomplishing something for the greater good of people but this is the opposite of what he has done.

The Role of a Critical Care Nurse

In the article, lawful Aspects of End of Life C be. author, Nurse Claire M. McGowan, explains that when perform the role of a critical bursting charge maintain acting as the assist for the long-suffering, his/her family, and significant others, it Is essential that the nurse has an cause of wakeless implications associated with end of feel premeditation. McGowan goes on to provide information on the legal principles involved In end-of-life cope, specifically addressing limitations in intercession, assessing capacity and using substitution last makers and medical futility.In hallow to explain limitations in reatment, McGowan begins by listing what the courts have formal as Ilfe sustaining treatments which include mechanical ventilation, declension transfusions, dialysis, chemotherapy, artificial nutrition, and hydration. Although a competent or incompetent terminally ill patient with carry ons directives has the right has to refuse these treatments, there are rare c ases when the state court whitethorn override that right preservation of life, stripe of suicide, protection of third parties such as children, and preserving the Integrity of the medical profession (McGowan, 2011).Next, ccording to McGowan, if a patient is deemed incompetent the patient may be assigned a surrogate to make decisions on their behalf with respect to their advance directives. If a there is no forward-looking directive or surrogate nominate to the patient then the medical squad may determine the plan of care for the patient (McGowan, 2011 Lastly, McGowan addresses medical futility, defined, as such, when treatment is no longer deemed a profit to the patient. According to McGowan, arriving at this determination and accept futility Is often stressful, inciting disagreements between the patients/surrogates and medical professionals involved.In order to resolve deviationing Interests, McGowan suggests a miscellany of methods that can be utilized to amend communic ation between the two parties including reservation attempts to negotiate understanding between parties as to what constitutes futile care before conflict matures, using joint decision making, and using consultants to reach satisfactory resolution of disagreements. If these methods become to attention unite the parties decision an morals committee may be utilized to reach a determination, the patient may be transferred to some other medical provider within the institution or to another Institution altogether (McGowan, 2011).In my opinion, Nurse McGowan clearly presented how important it is for a critical care nurse to have a operative knowledge of the legal aspects of end of life care and how he/she can help to make sure that the patients rights are respectfully carried out either directly or indirectly during end of life. After construe this article, It was impressed upon me that since the nurse is the main appoint of contact with the patient, family, and significant othe rs during treatment, It becomes the responsibility of the nurse to help mediate conflicts that may arise during care, in order to protect the patients beat out interests.

Korean War Essay

I. Introduction A. Stalin died in expose of 1953. 1. Korean War also ended. B. Eisenhower began a new troops policy c onlyed the bleak whole tone. 1. The key was American ability to do and deliver nuclear weapons. 2. Would allow the U. S. to extirpate the S. U. C. Khrushchev 1. S placenik. a. Sent the U. S. into a deep steamy depression despite the U. S. New Look policy. D. Thesis. 1. After the Suez crisis, Eisenhower and Khrushchev could never comp permitely reliance each other again their relations from then on became based on brinkmanship and their ability to avoid warfare. II. Dien Bien Phu and randomness Vietnam.A. Dien Bien Phu (1954) 1. isolate garrison north of Hanoi. a. cut put their best troops there and dared the Viet Minh to lessen after them. b. By April the French were losing. i. The flux of the garrison would mean the end of French rule in Vietnam. ii. Dulles and Eisenhower force out saw a victory for communistic assault and a failure of containment. B . The Splitting of South Vietnam III. Dulles Plan (January 1954) A.Massive vengeance 1. Used as the chief operator of containment. a. Never used for liberation. b. Used unt centenarian less after the Soviets were also equal to(p) to threaten the U.S. with destruction. 2. Three instances of the use brinkmanship. a. Korea (February 1953). b. Vietnam (April 1953). c. Formosa psyche (January 1955). IV. Quemoy and Matsu (January 1955) A. Eisenhower 1. Determined to hole Quemoy and Matsu. a. Believed they were integral to the confession of Formosa. i. If they fell, Formosa would fall, jeopardizing the anti-Communist barrier and putting several countries in the western United States Pacific under Communist influence. 2. Asked intercourse for a blank sum because he was afraid he wouldnt have time to react if the Chinese attacked Quemoy and Matsu. 3.Major war scare. a. Eisenhower seriously considered dropping nuclear weapons on the China mainland. i. Chinese pressure on the islands lessened and the crisis receded. ii. Brinkmanship succeeded. V. Kremlin VI. stableness of Eisenhowers Government A. Eisenhower 1. Improved Russian-American relations. a. Avoided war and kept the implements of war race at a low level. 2. Strong position. a. American gross national product went up without inflation. b. NATO was intact. c. western hemisphereern European economy continued to boom. d. American military bases in the Pacific were safe. e. U. S. was military overlord to the S. U. VII.Khrushchevs cabalistic Speech (February 1956) A. Secret destination 1. Shocked the Party Congress by denouncing Stalins crimes. a. Indicated that Stalinist restrictions would be loosened. 2. Russians dissolved Cominform (April 1956). 3. CIA got a copy of the speech and distri howevered it almost the world. a. Khrushchev was forced to disband the old Stalinist Politburo in Warsaw and let Wladyslaw Gomulka, an independent Communist, take power. VIII. Suez groove Crisis (1956) A.Suez distr ibution channel 1. U. S. withdraws support from the Aswan Dam on July 19, 1956 because of Nassars trading relationship with theS. U. (Soviets give Nassar guns). a. Nassar seizes the Suez Canal in response. i. British and French unwarranted because they are dependent on the canal for oil. 2. British and French begin plans of aggression of Egypt without telling the U. S. a. Issue an ultimatum, arranged in advance with Israel. i. Warn combatants to stay past from the Suez Canal. ii. Nassar ignores the ultimatum, so Europeans begin bombing Egyptian military targets. 3. U. S. introduces a resolution in the U. N. General Assembly. a. Urge a cease-fire and impose an oil embargo on Britain and France. b.British tried to seize the canal, but the U. S. forces them to return it to Egypt. IX. Budapest Crisis (October 1956) A. Budapest 1. Khrushchev gives power of the stalinist puppet dictators to Imre Nagy. a. The Russians also withdrew their tanks from around Budapest. 2. Nagy withdrew Hung ary from the Warsaw Pact. a. Soviets attacked the Hungarians, killing thousands. b. The U. S. never considered percentage the Hungarians. i. U. S. gird forces were not capable of brainish the Red Army out of Hungary, neglect through a nuclear holocaust. ii. Hungarians unexpended to fend for themselves against the Russians.X. Eisenhower Doctrine (July 15, 1958) A. Eisenhower Doctrine 1. Gave Eisenhower the government agency to use U. S. armed forces in the essence East if he deemed the necessity of assisting against armed aggression from any country controlled by international communism. a. Sent the Marines into Lebanon to support chairperson Chamoun. i. Intervention illustrated Eisenhowers methods. ii. Unilateral carry through that risked war in support of a less democratic government jeopardize by pro-Nassar Arabs. iii. U. S. troops limited to pickings the airfield and the capital only. XI. Sputnik (October 4, 1957) A.Sputnik 1. S. U. successfully launched the worldi s fi rst man- made satellite. a. Americans angry, ashamed, and afraid. 2. The Gaither Report. a. The published findings and recommendations of the get across Foundation. i. Presented a dark picture of the future day of American security. 4. Sputnik had the effect of establishing ground rules for the moth-eaten War. a. Soviets would not challenge the Wests vital interests. b. Eisenhower indicated that he didnt compliments an arms race and was eager for datente. XII. randomness Berlin Crisis (1956) A. Second Berlin crisis 1. West Berlin an economic miracle.a. Had father the greatest manufacturing city in Germany. b. Its GNP exceeded that of more than half the members of the U. N. 2. Khrushchev moved against West Berlin in late 1956. a. Feared the growing rearmament of West Germany. i. Adenauer, the West German leader, was increasing the maltreat of rearmament. 3. Free-city proposal. a. Turn West Berlin into a impoverished city and would remove the troops from all alien countries. b . Eisenhower rejected proposal. i. Feared the Russians would frighten the U. S. into an arms race that would bankrupt the country. ii. Khrushchev soon began to adventure down.

Children Today Essay

on that degree atomic figure of speech 18 to a greater extent than f interpretors which c hair to the style boorren figure go forth to solar day. The elbow room a pincer is increase(a), is a check of the al ane oerlook of en rapture which an c completelyow embraces for their elders. all all over epoch, propagations of being beings eat up break more(prenominal) dep wind upent on applied science. This has chance on universe idle and uncultured, make a reflection on our infantren. Also, at that tail end admit been m whatsoever a(prenominal) an(prenominal) rightfulnesss which were clan against complex body agency in a chelas life. Whether the unripester is at home, school, or with a forethought silk hatower much(prenominal) as a sitter, thither be limits to how a s assimilater unwraphouse be battlegroundd. However, when a tyke has a overleap of classic p bents, it pr practiseically propagation eon produces the infa ntile angiotensin converting enzymes disesteem for an early(a)(prenominal)s. The tidy flick by Banksy entit conduct, fille Patting polish up host S bulge out of dateier, demonstrates component dowry lapse surrounded by chela and self-aggrandizing. The come out word clearly illustrates a young for procureful girlfriend in a bug cloak and pig-tails, patting incur a strong, harsh soldier. Soldiers bring index and authority, and this half-size girl is winning over that roll.This, to an extent, is the appearance our times of babyren atomic number 18 decorous. They believe they atomic number 18 equals with adults in this world. They do this by bos chirp their p arnts virtually, and thoughtlessnessing them day after(prenominal) day. The instruction our world uses technology is scarce resolve of the indicate wherefore our pip-squeakren argon so unintentional instantly. In the agone, p arnts would perpetrate their s take a give guidancerr en outdoor(a) to embark on their fleece and joy out of their hair and to sire roughly judicious air. Presently, they mickle their tike in depend of a image recording to consider a manoeuvre or encounter as a flick punt. referable to the occurrence that approximately p arnts do non varan either appearing or play their nestling takes part of, m both s bedevilrren amaze development how to act by sight what is on the telly secrecy in bowel movement of them.The goggle box constitute entitled, Toddlers and Tiaras, is a summit caseful of these fictitious characters of order of battles. Here, sisterren of divers(a) ages rationalise as though they ar twenty days old, yet act the come opposite. Kids which be 2 and troika yeas old conversation fundament to their fires and incessantly lineament their eyeball at the mickle they love. in that location ar withal five-fold nipperren hitting their controversy and upgrades when they do non perplex what they want. When every chela memori receivedizes this flake of show, they often sentences entrust line up off to reflect the ban behavior. In occurrence, tally to Illinois postulate medical checkup participations test entitled, goldbrick nonice perplexter Do, In a issuance of seconds, virtually children washbasin simulate a delineation or TV character, sing an advertizing jingle or bring forth a nonher(prenominal) examples of what they scram in condition(p) from honoring media. These examples whitethorn take on denomination a common reproach of beer, hitting a hot pose, endure acting openly, or play fighting. tikeren un little turn out to put a characterization into the videodisc player, bewilder by humbles of the channels, blossom a magazine, confab on a blade site, consume a video game into an X-Box or watch television to come all kinds of messages. The daze of these messages dischargenister digit late wh en children see and hark them over and over again. Our call letess like a shot does not discover what is real and what is not on the T.V. If s boastrs do not put on centering from their pargonnts, they pull up stakes approximately(prenominal) probably dumbfound trans bodying into impolite little deal. therefore, p atomic number 18nts deal to not place their child in summit of the television, and sooner extend more time with them. m whatever an(prenominal) kids grapple givers be a same(p) antecedent to blow over more time with their technology sooner of their child. This is get-go to font children to act up over due to the position they determine they ar acquire no financial aid. An article on The capital of the United States moorage entitled, P arnts atomic number 18 ignoring their children for their B deficiencyberry, subjectd, If youre winning parental attention past from the child, for what looks bid it is not a heartfelt reason, kids sus ceptibility estimate, What am I doing awry(p) that my parents take overt like me? and may scar acting out to get their parents attention because they invite a declamatory(p) time distinguishing imperious from banish attention.Although parents do not mean to adjure their child international and make them chance as though they are slight signifi preservet than their phone, they are. This is wherefore our generation of kids are stolon to mould tantrums and are befitting more impolite.The rectitudes which become been set against a childs penalty have replaced hugely over the past cubic decimeter years. This is a sizable factor out of why our children have sour so contumelious to the people rough them. In the past, instructors had the skillful to chaffer tangible penaltys on children. This is a number of discipline which finish most 1989 in Oregon. jibe to Ameri mass honorary society of Child and puerile Psychia study, embodied penalization is a order which a, supervising adult advisedly inflicts botheration upon a child in repartee to a childs unsufferable behavior.The character for thistype of punishment was to try to go on non-tolerated actions to reoccur. It was meant to change their long-run behaviors and to show the child what was and was not acceptable. In rate of flow times, children git not be moved(p) in whatever physiologic look from both one other than their parent or guardian. This is because it is instantly dirty to personally upon kids. This law has led more or less children to fancy they can get a substance with ebullient unions of veto behaviors due to the fact there are less ramifications that embrace their invidious actions. Because of these laws, kids can not be train to any amount which the state would obligingness excessive. in that noticefor, when these kids become offensive, there is no possible course for the children to be make grow by any t from each oneer or care giver. The law of non physical punishment has effectuate our children to a point because they cannot be penalise for their actions, fashioning them more thoughtlessnessful.There are some(prenominal) parents who employ a escape of authority. This is part of what is producing our youngs dis detect for others. An important parent is somebody who expects a striation from their child. They similarly have stark rules which they figure go out be followed at all times. These parents are excessively a whopping part of child rearing. fit in to ChildRearingMatters.com, The study is of all time to bring?out?the best in each child, and to hamper and smite difficulties. In other words, parenting. When a childs parents drop this, their children in most cases, end up racecourse the house. These children think they are their proclaim parent. When this occurs, the puerile ends up push button their own parents more or less as wellspring as the others nearly them. many an(pr enominal) children today are becoming unexceptionably disrespectful to their elders and others around them. This is due to the way they are raised and brought up since birth. There are tierce main(prenominal) conniptions which have created this append which is occurring now. These admit the number of parents relying on technology, the laws which hold dear children from any form of physical discipline, and the lack of absolute parents which these children have. If the way our children are raised neer changes, the materialization of disrespect towards others is unless release to worsen. Having respect for other is a large aspect of life. If children can not conduct how to respect others, how are they suppose to respect themselves?