John Mill and Immanuel Kant Essay Example for Free

John Mill and Immanuel Kant EssayThe following is a conceptual report that I have written to address the following questions1. What is enlightenment for Kant? What is the semipublic procedure of reason?2. match to Mill, how do people develop understandings of the world? Do mostpeople have sound understandings? headspring 1Kant observed that If it is now asked Do we presently live in an learn age? the termination is, No, but we do live in an age of enlightenment. (Kant, p.4) So, Kant characterized the state of union and separate individuals as imperfect, and pointed, that profundity is a long-lasting process. Kant explained Enlightenment as mans emergence from his self-imposed immaturity (Kant, p.1). Such immaturity for him meant unfitness to use let reason and to think with own head.The basic characteristic of immaturity is that it is caused non by lack of understanding or ability, but by lack of will and desire to think. to a lower place Kants teaching, most of the i ndividuals would rather prefer to rely on others understanding, than on their own. So, they fain follow orders of teachers, priests and government authorities (Kant, p. 2). So, Kant believed, that the purpose of Enlightenment was to tech people think for themselves.Kant set-apart that, what he called private use of reason from that what he called public use of reason. Generally, public use of reason is defined as ability to think and argue reasonably before authorities. The situation of public use of reason may be potentially unpleasant or even dangerous for an individual, however, an enlightened person should not be afraid to think rationally and reject unfounded claims of, for example, taxman or pastor.Those latter in turn are to apply private reason ability to think rationally, ascrib able to persons, filling public positions (Kant, p.3). Under Kant, in case most of the individuals in a particular society are able to apply both public and private reason, such society may be c onsidered as enlightened.Question 2According to Mill, only one person out of hundred is able to judge a fact, in case it is not obvious, and even this one, who is able to judge, possesses only comparative abilities for the depend (Mill, p.2). Existing opinions of those, who are relatively able to think, are influenced by historic development of peoples understanding. Mill notes the following contradiction humans aim to think rationally, but the rationality of their affairs and shoot remains in desperate conditions.Therefore, human acts and opinions need to be corrected, taking into account experience, and being prove by discussion. Experience alone may appear to be vague, due to false application in previous cases. Therefore, discussion becomes a tool for investigation of experience and reduction of probability of misuse (Mill, p.3).another(prenominal) function of discussion is providing broader approach to a particular problem. Under Mill, even the wisest person can never obtain complete understanding of the subject, without hearing opinions of the others, and examining a variety of ideas about the matter. A feature of a wise man is an ability and readiness to take even contradictory points of view into account, in enkindle of avoiding them (Mill, p.5).Mill believed, that his society restricted necessary discussion, because people were not really sure about their beliefs and horrifying to loose them, because loosing them means a necessity to change. And in order to avoid changes, society oppresses opinions by authority, by refusal to hear, or by condemnation. The way out for Mill was mental well-being and education of humanity, combined with immunity of expressing opinions. An opinion should not only be proposed, but suffered by an individual, and this makes a particular opinion his own (Mill, p. 6).